The temporal bone contributes to the lower lateral walls of the skull. It contains the middle and inner portions of the ear, and it crossed by the majority of cranial nerves.

The lower portion of the bone articulates with the mandible, forming the temporomandibular joint of the jaw.

The ethmoid is a small unpaired bone, located in the midline of the anterior cranium - superior aspect of the skull that encloses and protects the brain.

The term ‘ethmoid’ originates from the Greek ‘ethmos,’ meaning sieve. This is reflected in its lightweight, spongy structure.

The sphenoid bone is one of the eight bones that make up the cranium - the superior aspect of the skull that encloses and protects the brain.

Its name is derived from Greek ‘sphenoeides,’ to mean wedge-shaped.